Class 8 Science Chapter 10, Titled “Reaching the Age of Adolescence” - Summary / One Marks Question / Multiple Choice Question / Fill in the Blanks / True-False and Short/Long Question Answer
Summary / One Marks Question / Multiple Choice Question / Fill in the Blanks / True-False and Short/Long Question Answer of NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 10, Titled “Reaching the Age of Adolescence”
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Summary
Reaching the Age of
Adolescence" delves into the various aspects of adolescence, a crucial
phase of human development. It covers a range of topics:
1. Adolescence
and Puberty: The chapter begins by defining adolescence and puberty. It
explains the physical and psychological changes that occur during this phase,
such as the growth of reproductive organs, hormonal changes, and the onset of
secondary sexual characteristics.
2. Changes in
Boys and Girls: It discusses the specific changes that occur in boys
and girls during puberty, such as the growth of facial hair, deepening of
voice, menstruation, breast development, and growth spurts.
3. Secondary
Sexual Characteristics: This section covers the development of secondary
sexual characteristics, including the growth of pubic hair, changes in body
shape, and the significance of these changes in terms of sexual maturity.
4. Role of
Hormones: The chapter explains the role of hormones, particularly
testosterone and estrogen, in triggering and regulating the changes that occur
during adolescence.
5. Reproductive
Health: It discusses the importance of maintaining good reproductive
health, including personal hygiene, menstrual hygiene, common reproductive
health issues, and ways to address them.
6. Safe and
Healthy Practices: Emphasis is placed on safe and healthy practices
during adolescence, such as maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and
adequate sleep. It also touches upon the significance of emotional and mental
well-being during this phase.
7. Adolescent
Issues: The chapter addresses various issues faced by adolescents,
including peer pressure, emotional changes, mood swings, and ways to cope with
these challenges.
Summary: Overall,
the chapter aims to educate students about the physical, emotional, and
psychological changes that occur during adolescence. It emphasizes the
importance of understanding these changes and adopting healthy lifestyle habits
to ensure a smooth transition into adulthood. It is a comprehensive chapter that educates
students about the biological, emotional, and social aspects of this crucial
phase in human development. It aims to equip them with knowledge and guidance
to navigate through this period with confidence and good health.
1. Adolescence
Introduction: It introduces the concept of adolescence as a transitional
phase between childhood and adulthood. The chapter emphasizes that this phase
brings numerous physical, emotional, and social changes.
2. Changes at
Puberty: It covers the physical changes that occur during puberty,
such as the development of secondary sexual characteristics like breast
development in girls, facial hair growth in boys, changes in voice, and the
growth of reproductive organs.
3. Secondary
Sexual Characteristics: Details about the physical changes like changes in
body shape, hair distribution, onset of menstruation in girls, and sperm
production in boys are discussed here.
4. Hormones
and Endocrine Glands: The chapter explains the role of hormones,
particularly testosterone and estrogen, and their impact on these changes. It
also introduces the endocrine glands and their functions.
5. Reproductive
Health: The chapter highlights the importance of maintaining good
reproductive health. It discusses menstrual hygiene for girls, the importance
of cleanliness during menstruation, and general reproductive health practices
for both boys and girls.
6. Understanding
Adolescence: Adolescents often face emotional and psychological
challenges due to the changes they experience. This section emphasizes the need
for understanding and support during this phase. It covers emotional changes,
mood swings, peer pressure, and the importance of seeking guidance.
7. Safe
Practices: The chapter stresses the significance of safe practices
during adolescence, including avoiding risky behaviors such as substance abuse,
unprotected sexual activity, and unhealthy diets.
8. Sexual
Reproduction: An introduction to the process of sexual reproduction is
provided, emphasizing the roles of male and female reproductive organs and
their functions.
9. Summary and
Conclusion: It concludes by summarizing the key points covered in the
chapter and emphasizes the importance of understanding these changes for a
healthy transition into adulthood.
This chapter aims to educate
students about the physical and emotional changes that occur during
adolescence, emphasizing the significance of understanding and managing these
changes for overall well-being and healthy development.
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One Marks Question
Q1. What is adolescence?
A1. Adolescence is the transitional
stage between childhood and adulthood, marked by physical, emotional, and
social changes.
Q2. Name the hormone responsible
for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in boys.
A2. Testosterone.
Q3. Which gland secretes the
hormone estrogen in females?
A3. Ovaries.
Q4. What is the function of the
pituitary gland during adolescence?
A4. It regulates the secretion of
hormones from other glands and plays a crucial role in growth and development.
Q5. Define puberty.
A5. Puberty is the stage when an
individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction due to the maturation of
reproductive organs.
Q6. What is the average age of
onset of puberty in girls?
A6. Around 10-12 years.
Q7. Name one secondary sexual
characteristic in boys.
A7. Development of facial hair.
Q8. What is the function of the
fallopian tubes in females?
A8. The fallopian tubes transport
eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
Q9. Define menstruation.
A9. Menstruation is the monthly
shedding of the uterine lining in females.
Q10. Which hormone is responsible
for the onset of menstruation in girls?
A10. Estrogen.
Q11. What are the emotional changes
commonly observed during adolescence?
A11. Mood swings and increased
sensitivity towards peer opinions.
Q12. Name the male sex cell.
A12. Sperm.
Q13. What are the two main
functions of testes in males?
A13. Production of sperm and secretion
of testosterone.
Q14. What is the menstrual cycle?
A14. It is the recurring cycle of
changes in the female reproductive system, primarily preparing the uterus for
pregnancy.
Q15. What is the role of the
prostate gland in males?
A15. It secretes a fluid that
nourishes and protects sperm.
Q16. How does good hygiene help
during menstruation?
A16. Good hygiene helps prevent
infections and maintains overall health during menstruation.
Q17. Define adolescence in terms of
growth spurt.
A17. Adolescence is marked by a
rapid increase in height and weight known as a growth spurt.
Q18. Name the hormone responsible
for the development of breast tissues in girls.
A18. Estrogen.
Q19. What is the importance of
understanding adolescence?
A19. Understanding adolescence
helps in managing physical and emotional changes for a healthy transition to
adulthood.
Q20. How does testosterone affect
the development of secondary sexual characteristics in boys?
A20. Testosterone stimulates the
growth of facial hair, deepening of voice, and muscle development.
Q21. What is the main function of
the uterus in females?
A21. The uterus is where a
fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.
Q22. Name the male reproductive
organ where sperm is produced.
A22. Testes.
Q23. What is the significance of
menstrual hygiene?
A23. Maintaining menstrual hygiene
prevents infections and promotes overall health during menstruation.
Q24. How does estrogen affect the
female body during puberty?
A24. Estrogen stimulates the
development of secondary sexual characteristics and regulates the menstrual
cycle.
Q25. Name the gland often referred
to as the 'master gland'.
A25. Pituitary gland.
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Multiple-choice Questions
1. What is adolescence?
a) Childhood
b) Adulthood
c) The period of growth and
development between childhood and adulthood
d) Old age
Answer: c) The period of growth and
development between childhood and adulthood
2. Which hormone is responsible for
the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Testosterone
d) Prolactin
Answer: c) Testosterone
3. Which of the following is a
primary sex organ in females?
a) Ovary
b) Uterus
c) Vagina
d) Clitoris
Answer: a) Ovary
4. What is the average age of onset
of adolescence?
a) 8-10 years
b) 12-19 years
c) 20-25 years
d) 30-35 years
Answer: b) 12-19 years
5. What is menstruation?
a) Fertilization of egg
b) Release of egg from the ovary
c) Shedding of the uterine lining
d) Implantation of the fertilized
egg
Answer: c) Shedding of the uterine
lining
6. Which gland is often referred to
as the "master gland" controlling other endocrine glands?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Pancreas
c) Pituitary gland
d) Adrenal gland
Answer: c) Pituitary gland
7. What is the function of the
testes in males?
a) Production of eggs
b) Production of sperm
c) Storage of urine
d) Regulation of body temperature
Answer: b) Production of sperm
8. Which of the following is not a
secondary sexual characteristic in males?
a) Deepening of voice
b) Growth of facial hair
c) Enlargement of breasts
d) Broadening of shoulders
Answer: c) Enlargement of breasts
9. What is the term for the first
menstrual cycle in females?
a) Menopause
b) Menarche
c) Ovulation
d) Menstruation
Answer: b) Menarche
10. What is the role of estrogen in
females?
a) Stimulates the development of
male secondary sexual characteristics
b) Stimulates the development of
female secondary sexual characteristics
c) Regulates blood sugar levels
d) Controls body temperature
Answer: b) Stimulates the
development of female secondary sexual characteristics
11. Which hormone is responsible
for the maintenance of pregnancy?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Testosterone
d) Oxytocin
Answer: b) Progesterone**
12. During which stage of
adolescence do growth spurts typically occur?
a) Early adolescence
b) Mid-adolescence
c) Late adolescence
d) Throughout adolescence
Answer: b) Mid-adolescence**
13. What is the primary function of
the fallopian tubes?
a) Production of eggs
b) Fertilization of eggs
c) Implantation of fertilized eggs
d) Menstruation
Answer: b) Fertilization of eggs**
14. What is the role of the
prostate gland in males?
a) Produces sperm
b) Produces testosterone
c) Secretes a fluid that nourishes
and protects sperm
d) Stores urine
Answer: c) Secretes a fluid that
nourishes and protects sperm**
15. What is the term for the
release of a mature egg from the ovary?
a) Menstruation
b) Ovulation
c) Fertilization
d) Implantation
Answer: b) Ovulation**
16. Which of the following is a
female reproductive organ?
a) Prostate gland
b) Testes
c) Uterus
d) Vas deferens
Answer: c) Uterus**
17. Which hormone is responsible
for the development of the mammary glands in females?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Prolactin
d) Oxytocin
Answer: c) Prolactin**
18. What is the main function of
the epididymis in males?
a) Production of sperm
b) Storage and maturation of sperm
c) Secretion of testosterone
d) Regulation of body temperature
Answer: b) Storage and maturation
of sperm**
19. What is the term for the
release of semen from the penis during sexual climax?
a) Ovulation
b) Fertilization
c) Menstruation
d) Ejaculation
Answer: d) Ejaculation**
20. Which of the following is a
common emotional characteristic of adolescence?
a) Stability
b) Mood swings
c) Emotional numbness
d) Apathy
Answer: b) Mood swings**
21. What is the purpose of the
menstrual cycle in females?
a) To release eggs for
fertilization
b) To shed the uterine lining
c) To regulate body temperature
d) To control blood sugar levels
Answer: b) To shed the uterine
lining**
22. What is the function of the vas
deferens in males?
a) Produces sperm
b) Stores and transports sperm
c) Secretes testosterone
d) Regulates body temperature
Answer: b) Stores and transports
sperm**
23. At what age do most girls
experience menarche?
a) 8-10 years
b) 12-14 years
c) 16-18 years
d) 20-22 years
Answer: b) 12-14 years**
24. Which hormone is responsible
for the contraction of the uterus during childbirth?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Oxytocin
d) Prolactin
Answer: c) Oxytocin**
25. What is the purpose of the
scrotum in males?
a) Production of sperm
b) Storage of urine
c) Protection of the testes
d) Secretion of testosterone
Answer: c) Protection of the
testes**
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Fill-in-the-blank Questions
Q1. During ___________, individuals
undergo physical, emotional, and social changes as they transition from
childhood to adulthood.
A1. Adolescence.
Q2. The gland that secretes
hormones controlling puberty is called the __________ gland.
A2. Pituitary.
Q3. The primary male sex hormone
responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics is
__________.
A3. Testosterone.
Q4. The reproductive glands in
females are called __________.
A4. Ovaries.
Q5. Menstrual cycle is regulated by
the hormones __________ and __________.
A5. Estrogen; progesterone.
Q6. The organ where the baby
develops during pregnancy is the __________.
A6. Uterus.
Q7. The male reproductive organ
where sperm is produced is the __________.
A7. Testes.
Q8. The release of a mature egg
from the ovary is known as __________.
A8. Ovulation.
Q9. The tubes that carry sperm from
the testes to the urethra are called __________ tubes.
A9. Vas deferens.
Q10. Menstrual hygiene is crucial
to prevent infections in the __________ region.
A10. Genital.
Q11. Emotional changes during
adolescence often lead to frequent __________.
A11. Mood swings.
Q12. The secondary sexual
characteristics in girls include the development of __________ and __________.
A12. Breasts; menstruation.
Q13. The hormone responsible for
the onset of menstruation is __________.
A13. Estrogen.
Q14. The voice box in males
enlarges during puberty due to the growth of the __________ cords.
A14. Vocal.
Q15. The female gamete is called
the __________.
A15. Egg or ovum.
Q16. The male gamete is called the
__________.
A16. Sperm.
Q17. __________ hygiene during
menstruation helps maintain cleanliness and health.
A17. Proper.
Q18. Adolescents should avoid
engaging in risky behaviors like __________ and __________.
A18. Substance abuse; unprotected
sex.
Q19. __________ play(s) a
significant role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in
females.
A19. Estrogen.
Q20. The physical changes during
adolescence are mainly controlled by the action of __________.
A20. Hormones.
Q21. The process where the lining
of the uterus sheds off monthly is called __________.
A21. Menstruation.
Q22. The female reproductive cell
is larger than the male reproductive cell and contains more __________.
A22. Cytoplasm or nutrients.
Q23. The male hormone that
stimulates the production of sperm is __________.
A23. Testosterone.
Q24. The organ where the egg gets
fertilized is the __________.
A24. Fallopian tube.
Q25. The gland that controls the
functions of other endocrine glands is the __________ gland.
A25. Pituitary.
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True/false Question and Answers
Q1. True/False: Adolescence is a
stage characterized by physical, emotional, and social changes.
A1. True. Explanation: Adolescence
is indeed marked by various changes, including physical, emotional, and social
adjustments.
Q2. True/False: The pituitary gland
is responsible for secreting hormones that control the onset of puberty.
A2. True. Explanation: The
pituitary gland releases hormones that trigger the onset of puberty and
regulate various bodily functions.
Q3. True/False: Menstruation is the
process where the uterus prepares itself for pregnancy.
A3. True. Explanation: Menstruation
involves the shedding of the uterine lining that occurs when pregnancy does not
happen.
Q4. True/False: Testosterone is the
hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in
females.
A4. False. Explanation:
Testosterone is the male sex hormone; estrogen is responsible for secondary
sexual characteristics in females.
Q5. True/False: Ovulation is the
release of a mature egg from the uterus.
A5. False. Explanation: Ovulation
is the release of a mature egg from the ovary, not the uterus.
Q6. True/False: Emotional changes
during adolescence have no impact on an individual's behavior.
A6. False. Explanation: Emotional
changes during adolescence often influence behavior, leading to mood swings and
altered reactions.
Q7. True/False: The fallopian tubes
are responsible for the production of eggs in females.
A7. False. Explanation: The
fallopian tubes transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus but do not
produce them.
Q8. True/False: Menstrual hygiene
is essential to prevent infections and maintain health during menstruation.
A8. True. Explanation: Proper
menstrual hygiene helps prevent infections and ensures overall health during
menstruation.
Q9. True/False: Substance abuse and
unprotected sex are considered safe practices during adolescence.
A9. False. Explanation: Substance
abuse and unprotected sex are risky behaviors that adolescents should avoid.
Q10. True/False: The menstrual
cycle is regulated by hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
A10. True. Explanation: Estrogen
and progesterone play crucial roles in regulating the menstrual cycle.
Q11. True/False: The development of
breasts in girls is a secondary sexual characteristic.
A11. True. Explanation: Breast development
is one of the secondary sexual characteristics in girls during puberty.
Q12. True/False: The prostate gland
secretes a fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.
A12. True. Explanation: The
prostate gland produces a fluid that is part of semen and supports sperm.
Q13. True/False: The menstrual
cycle lasts for approximately 28 days in all females.
A13. False. Explanation: The
menstrual cycle length can vary; it is typically around 28 days but can differ
among individuals.
Q14. True/False: The primary male
reproductive organ is the penis.
A14. False. Explanation: The
primary male reproductive organ is the testes, where sperm production occurs.
Q15. True/False: Menstrual hygiene
mainly focuses on maintaining cleanliness of clothes during periods.
A15. False. Explanation: Menstrual
hygiene encompasses overall cleanliness and health practices during
menstruation.
Q16. True/False: Hormones are
responsible for controlling the physical changes during adolescence.
A16. True. Explanation: Hormones
play a pivotal role in orchestrating the physical changes during adolescence.
Q17. True/False: The male gamete is
larger and contains more nutrients than the female gamete.
A17. False. Explanation: The female
gamete (egg or ovum) is larger and contains more nutrients than the male gamete
(sperm).
Q18. True/False: Emotional changes
during adolescence do not impact an individual's relationships with peers.
A18. False. Explanation: Emotional
changes during adolescence often affect relationships with peers due to mood
swings and altered behaviors.
Q19. True/False: Testes are
responsible for producing both sperm and the hormone estrogen.
A19. False. Explanation: Testes
produce sperm and testosterone, not estrogen.
Q20. True/False: The voice box
enlarges in females during puberty.
A20. False. Explanation: The voice
box enlarges in males due to the growth of the vocal cords.
Q21. True/False: Sperm production
is inhibited by the hormone estrogen in males.
A21. False. Explanation: Sperm
production is stimulated by testosterone, not estrogen.
Q22. True/False: The menstrual
cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy each month.
A22. True. Explanation: The
menstrual cycle involves preparing the uterus for pregnancy, shedding the
lining when pregnancy does not occur.
Q23. True/False: The female
reproductive cell is smaller and contains fewer nutrients compared to the male
reproductive cell.
A23. True. Explanation: The female
reproductive cell (egg or ovum) is smaller and contains fewer nutrients
compared to the male reproductive cell (sperm).
Q24. True/False: The pituitary
gland controls the functions of other endocrine glands.
A24. True. Explanation: The
pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' as it regulates the
functions of other endocrine glands.
Q25. True/False: Emotional changes
during adolescence have no impact on an individual's mental health.
A25. False. Explanation: Emotional
changes during adolescence can impact mental health, influencing mood, and
well-being.
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Short Question and Answer
1. Q: What is adolescence?
A: Adolescence is the phase of life
between childhood and adulthood, marked by rapid physical and emotional
changes.
2. Q: Name the male and female
reproductive organs.
A: Male reproductive organs include
testes, and female reproductive organs include ovaries.
3. Q: What is the function of the
testes in males?
A: The testes produce sperm and the
male sex hormone, testosterone.
4. Q: Define ovulation.
A: Ovulation is the release of a
mature egg from the ovary.
5. Q: What is menarche?
A: Menarche is the first menstrual
cycle in females, marking the onset of reproductive capability.
6. Q: Which gland is known as the
"master gland"?
A: The pituitary gland is often
referred to as the master gland, as it regulates the functions of other
endocrine glands.
7. Q: What are secondary sexual
characteristics?
A: Secondary sexual characteristics
are physical and behavioral changes that distinguish males and females but are
not directly related to reproduction.
8. Q: Name the female reproductive
organ where fertilization typically occurs.
A: Fertilization typically occurs
in the fallopian tubes.
9. Q: What is the role of estrogen
in females?
A: Estrogen stimulates the
development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
10. Q: Define ejaculation.
A: Ejaculation is the release of
semen from the penis during sexual climax.
11. Q: What is the purpose of the
menstrual cycle?
A: The menstrual cycle prepares the
uterus for a possible pregnancy and involves the shedding of the uterine lining
if no pregnancy occurs.
12. Q: At what age does menopause
usually occur in females?
A: Menopause typically occurs
around the age of 45-55, marking the end of reproductive years in females.
13. Q: What is the function of the
epididymis in males?
A: The epididymis stores and
matures sperm, preparing them for ejaculation.
14. Q: Name a common emotional
characteristic of adolescence.
A: Mood swings are a common
emotional characteristic of adolescence.
15. Q: What is the primary role of
oxytocin during childbirth?
A: Oxytocin stimulates the
contraction of the uterus during childbirth.
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Long Question and Answer
Q1. Explain the role of hormones
during adolescence and their impact on physical changes.
A1. Hormones play a crucial role in
adolescence, triggering physical changes like the growth of secondary sexual
characteristics. For instance, in boys, testosterone leads to the development
of facial hair and deepening of the voice, while in girls, estrogen is
responsible for breast development and onset of menstruation. These hormones,
secreted by glands like the pituitary and sex glands, orchestrate the changes
necessary for sexual maturation.
Q2. Describe the importance of
understanding emotional changes during adolescence and their impact on
behavior.
A2. Emotional changes during
adolescence, such as mood swings and increased sensitivity to peer opinions,
significantly influence behavior. These changes can lead to altered reactions,
impulsiveness, and emotional turbulence. Understanding these emotional shifts
helps in managing them effectively, fostering healthier relationships and
better decision-making.
Q3. Explain the menstrual cycle and
its significance in the female reproductive system.
A3. The menstrual cycle is a
monthly process in females where the uterus prepares for pregnancy. If
pregnancy doesn’t occur, the uterine lining sheds, leading to menstruation.
This cycle, regulated by hormones like estrogen and progesterone, is crucial
for fertility. It involves the release of an egg, changes in the uterus, and
prepares a suitable environment for potential pregnancy.
Q4. Discuss the importance of
maintaining menstrual hygiene and its impact on reproductive health.
A4. Proper menstrual hygiene is
essential to prevent infections and maintain reproductive health during
menstruation. It involves using clean sanitary products, changing them
regularly, and practicing good hygiene to avoid infections that could affect
overall reproductive health in the long run.
Q5. Elaborate on the physical
changes observed in males and females during adolescence.
A5. In males, physical changes
include the growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and
increased muscle development due to hormones like testosterone. Females
experience breast development, onset of menstruation, widening of hips, and
body shape changes due to hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
Q6. Explain the functions of the
male and female reproductive organs and their roles in reproduction.
A6. In males, the testes produce
sperm, while other organs like the vas deferens and prostate gland aid in
transporting and supporting the sperm. In females, the ovaries produce eggs,
the fallopian tubes transport them to the uterus, and the uterus is where the
fertilized egg implants and grows during pregnancy.
Q7. Describe the impact of
emotional changes during adolescence on interpersonal relationships.
A7. Emotional changes, including
mood swings and altered behaviors, can impact relationships with peers, family,
and friends. Adolescents might experience conflicts, misunderstandings, or
increased sensitivity in relationships due to these emotional fluctuations.
Q8. Discuss the importance of
avoiding risky behaviors like substance abuse and unprotected sex during
adolescence.
A8. Engaging in risky behaviors can
have detrimental effects on an adolescent's health and well-being. Substance
abuse can lead to addiction, health issues, and impaired judgment. Unprotected
sex can result in unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs),
and other long-term consequences.
Q9. Elaborate on the significance
of proper hormonal balance for healthy development during adolescence.
A9. Hormonal balance is crucial
during adolescence for proper physical and emotional development. Imbalances
can lead to issues like delayed or irregular puberty, mood disorders, and
reproductive health problems.
Q10. Explain the role of the
pituitary gland in controlling other endocrine glands and its significance
during adolescence.
A10. The pituitary gland, often
termed the 'master gland,' regulates the functions of other endocrine glands,
including the adrenal glands and sex glands. It secretes hormones that control
growth, development, and the onset of puberty. During adolescence, its role
becomes pivotal in orchestrating the changes necessary for sexual maturation
and overall development.
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