Class 8 Science Chapter 09, Titled “Reproduction in Animals” - Summary / One Marks Question / Multiple Choice Question / Fill in the Blanks / True-False and Short/Long Question Answer
Summary / One Marks Question / Multiple Choice Question / Fill in the Blanks / True-False and Short/Long Question Answer of NCERT Class 8 Science Chapter 09, Titled “Reproduction in Animals”
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Summary
In the NCERT Class 8 Science book,
Chapter 10, "Reproduction in Animals," several crucial topics are
covered:
1. Modes of
Reproduction: Students learn about the various modes animals use for
reproduction, including sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction
involves the fusion of male and female gametes, while asexual reproduction does
not require gamete fusion.
2. Sexual
Reproduction: This section delves into the process of sexual reproduction
in animals, covering the reproductive organs, fertilization, and the
development of offspring. The different methods of fertilization (internal and
external) and the gestation period in various animals are also discussed.
3. Asexual
Reproduction: Here, the focus is on how some animals reproduce asexually,
including methods like budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. Examples of
animals that use these methods are highlighted.
4. Reproductive
Organs and their Functions: This part explains the reproductive organs in both
male and female animals, their functions, and how they contribute to the
process of reproduction.
5. Hormones
and Reproduction: Students learn about the role of hormones in the
reproductive system of animals, such as the release of hormones, their effects
on the reproductive organs, and the regulation of the reproductive process.
6. Life
Cycles: The chapter might cover the life cycles of different
animals, including their growth, development, and reproduction stages. Various
examples of life cycles among different species can be explored to understand
the diversity in animal reproduction.
7. Reproductive
Strategies: Animals have diverse reproductive strategies. Some invest
heavily in fewer offspring, while others produce numerous offspring with
minimal parental care. This section might explore the advantages and
disadvantages of different strategies.
8. Adaptations
for Reproduction: Animals often exhibit specific adaptations for
successful reproduction, such as mating behaviors, nesting, courtship rituals,
and various physical adaptations.
9. Human
Reproduction (if covered): Depending on the syllabus, the chapter may include a
section on human reproduction, explaining the reproductive organs, the process
of fertilization, gestation, birth, and the changes that occur during puberty.
10.
Reproductive Health: Some chapters might include
a brief section on reproductive health, covering aspects like menstrual
hygiene, common reproductive health issues, and the importance of maintaining
reproductive health.
These topics provide a
comprehensive understanding of how reproduction occurs in animals, highlighting
the diversity and complexity of reproductive strategies across different
species.
Summary of the key concepts covered
in the chapter:
1. Introduction
to Reproduction: The chapter begins by introducing the concept of
reproduction and its significance in living organisms. Students learn about the
two main types of reproduction: asexual and sexual.
2. Modes of
Reproduction:
·
Asexual Reproduction: Students
understand the various methods of asexual reproduction, such as binary fission,
budding, spore formation, and regeneration. Examples from the animal kingdom
are discussed.
·
Sexual Reproduction: The chapter delves into
sexual reproduction, explaining the importance of two parents and the role of
gametes (sperm and egg) in the process.
3. Sexual
Reproduction in Animals:
·
Male and Female Reproductive Organs: The
anatomy of male and female reproductive organs is explained. Students learn
about the functions of testes, ovaries, and other associated structures.
·
Fertilization: The process of fertilization,
where a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote, is detailed.
Different modes of fertilization, including internal and external
fertilization, are discussed.
4. Development
and Growth:
·
Embryonic Development: Students
explore the stages of embryonic development, from zygote to embryo. The role of
the uterus in nurturing the developing embryo is emphasized.
·
Gestation and Birth: The concept of gestation is
introduced, and the process of childbirth is explained. Students learn about
viviparous and oviparous animals.
5. Life Cycles
of Animals:
·
Complete and Incomplete Metamorphosis: The
chapter discusses the life cycles of animals with a focus on insects,
amphibians, and other organisms that undergo metamorphosis.
6. Reproductive
Health:
·
Menstrual Cycle: For older students, the
chapter may touch upon the menstrual cycle in females and the importance of
reproductive health.
7. Reproductive
Strategies:
·
Adaptations for Reproduction: The
chapter concludes by discussing various reproductive strategies animals have
developed for survival, including the number of offspring produced and parental
care.
Throughout the chapter, students
are encouraged to appreciate the diversity of reproductive strategies in the
animal kingdom and understand the biological processes underlying reproduction.
This knowledge serves as a foundation for future studies in biology.
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One Marks Question
Question: Define sexual
reproduction.
Answer: Sexual reproduction
involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a new individual. It
promotes genetic diversity among offspring.
Question: Name one animal that
reproduces through budding.
Answer: Hydra reproduces through
budding. It's an example of asexual reproduction.
Question: What is fertilization?
Answer: Fertilization is the fusion
of a sperm cell with an egg cell, leading to the formation of a zygote.
Question: Differentiate between
internal and external fertilization.
Answer: Internal fertilization
occurs inside the female's body, while external fertilization occurs outside
the female's body, usually in water.
Question: Name the male
reproductive organ in humans that produces sperm.
Answer: The testes are the male
reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm.
Question: What is the function of
the ovary in females?
Answer: The ovary produces eggs
(ova) and also releases hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
Question: Mention an example of an
animal that reproduces through regeneration.
Answer: Planaria reproduces through
regeneration. When cut into pieces, each piece can regenerate into a new
individual.
Question: Which hormone is
responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males?
Answer: Testosterone is the hormone
responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males.
Question: Define asexual
reproduction.
Answer: Asexual reproduction is the
process of producing offspring from a single parent without the involvement of
gametes or fertilization.
Question: Explain what happens
during puberty in humans.
Answer: Puberty is the stage when a
person attains sexual maturity. It involves physical and hormonal changes
leading to the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Question: Name the process of
shedding the uterine lining in females.
Answer: Menstruation is the process
of shedding the uterine lining, occurring monthly in females.
Question: What are gametes?
Answer: Gametes are specialized
reproductive cells (sperm in males and eggs in females) that fuse during
fertilization to form a zygote.
Question: Define fragmentation in
asexual reproduction.
Answer: Fragmentation is the
process where an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment develops
into a new individual.
Question: Name the female sex cell.
Answer: The female sex cell is
called an ovum or egg.
Question: What is the gestation
period?
Answer: The gestation period is the
duration of time from fertilization to birth in animals.
Question: How do animals adapt for
reproduction in extreme environments?
Answer: Animals in extreme
environments often have adaptations such as delayed fertilization or migration
to more favorable areas for reproduction.
Question: What is the role of the
placenta during pregnancy?
Answer: The placenta facilitates
the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus during
pregnancy.
Question: Define hermaphroditism.
Answer: Hermaphroditism is the
condition where an organism has both male and female reproductive organs.
Question: Mention an example of an
animal that reproduces through spores.
Answer: Bread mold reproduces
through spores. Spores are reproductive cells capable of developing into a new
organism.
Question: What is the function of
the fallopian tube in females?
Answer: The fallopian tube is where
fertilization occurs; it transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus.
Question: Name the hormone
responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Answer: Estrogen is the hormone
responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Question: What is meant by
parthenogenesis?
Answer: Parthenogenesis is a form
of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into an offspring.
Question: Differentiate between
oviparous and viviparous animals.
Answer: Oviparous animals lay eggs,
while viviparous animals give birth to live young.
Question: What is the function of
the scrotum in males?
Answer: The scrotum holds the
testes outside the body and helps regulate their temperature for sperm
production.
Question: Explain the importance of
genetic variation in offspring.
Answer: Genetic variation in
offspring ensures adaptability to changing environments and helps in the
survival of species by reducing susceptibility to diseases and environmental
changes.
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Multiple-choice Questions
1. What is the primary purpose of
reproduction in animals?
a. To increase the population
b. To maintain genetic diversity
c. To compete for resources
d. To establish dominance
Answer: b. To maintain genetic
diversity
Explanation: Reproduction ensures
the continuity of a species and helps in maintaining genetic diversity, which
is crucial for the adaptability and survival of a population.
2. Which of the following is an
example of asexual reproduction in animals?
a. Fertilization
b. Budding
c. Copulation
d. Ovulation
Answer: b. Budding
Explanation: Budding is a form of
asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an outgrowth or
bud on the parent organism.
3. What is the function of gametes
in sexual reproduction?
a. To provide energy
b. To carry genetic information
c. To facilitate digestion
d. To maintain body temperature
Answer: b. To carry genetic
information
Explanation: Gametes, such as sperm
and egg cells, carry genetic information from the parents to the offspring
during fertilization.
4. In which part of the male
reproductive system are sperm produced?
a. Epididymis
b. Testes
c. Vas deferens
d. Prostate gland
Answer: b. Testes
Explanation: Sperm is produced in
the testes, and it is stored and matured in the epididymis.
5. What is the process by which a
sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote called?
a. Ovulation
b. Fertilization
c. Implantation
d. Menstruation
Answer: b. Fertilization
Explanation: Fertilization is the
union of a sperm cell with an egg cell, leading to the formation of a zygote.
6. Which type of fertilization
occurs outside the body of the organism?
a. Internal fertilization
b. External fertilization
c. In vitro fertilization
d. Artificial insemination
Answer: b. External fertilization
Explanation: External fertilization
occurs outside the organism's body, typically in aquatic environments.
7. What is gestation in animals?
a. The process of fertilization
b. The period between birth and
maturity
c. The development of an embryo
inside the mother's body
d. The release of eggs from the
ovaries
Answer: c. The development of an
embryo inside the mother's body
Explanation: Gestation refers to
the period during which the embryo develops inside the mother's body.
8. Which term refers to animals
that give birth to live young?
a. Oviparous
b. Viviparous
c. Hermaphroditic
d. Monogamous
Answer: b. Viviparous
Explanation: Viviparous animals
give birth to live offspring instead of laying eggs.
9. In which life cycle do organisms
undergo distinct larval and pupal stages?
a. Asexual reproduction
b. Complete metamorphosis
c. Incomplete metamorphosis
d. Sexual reproduction
Answer: b. Complete metamorphosis
Explanation: Complete metamorphosis
includes distinct larval and pupal stages, as seen in insects like butterflies.
10. What is regeneration in
animals?
a. The process of replacing lost
body parts
b. The development of a protective
covering
c. The formation of spores
d. The fusion of gametes
Answer: a. The process of replacing
lost body parts
Explanation: Regeneration is the
ability of certain animals to replace lost or damaged body parts.
11. What is the primary function of
the menstrual cycle in females?
a. To release eggs from the ovaries
b. To provide nourishment to the
embryo
c. To eliminate waste products
d. To prepare the body for
fertilization
Answer: d. To prepare the body for
fertilization
Explanation: The menstrual cycle
prepares the female reproductive system for potential fertilization and
pregnancy.
12. Which organ in the female
reproductive system provides a site for the fertilized egg to implant and
develop?
a. Ovary
b. Uterus
c. Fallopian tube
d. Vagina
Answer: b. Uterus
Explanation: The uterus provides a
suitable environment for the fertilized egg to implant and develop into an
embryo.
13. What is the purpose of the
placenta during pregnancy?
a. To produce hormones
b. To provide nutrients and oxygen
to the developing fetus
c. To eliminate waste products from
the fetus
d. To regulate body temperature
Answer: b. To provide nutrients and
oxygen to the developing fetus
Explanation: The placenta acts as a
connection between the mother and the developing fetus, providing nutrients and
oxygen.
14. Which of the following animals
undergoes metamorphosis during its life cycle?
a. Fish
b. Frog
c. Snake
d. Bird
Answer: b. Frog
Explanation: Frogs undergo
metamorphosis, transitioning from tadpoles to adult frogs.
15. What is the term for the
shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur?
a. Ovulation
b. Menstruation
c. Implantation
d. Gestation
Answer: b. Menstruation
Explanation: Menstruation is the
shedding of the uterine lining in the absence of fertilization.
16. Which of the following is an
example of internal fertilization?
a. Fish
b. Frog
c. Chicken
d. Dog
Answer: d. Dog
Explanation: Dogs, like many
mammals, undergo internal fertilization.
17. What is the purpose of the vas
deferens in the male reproductive system?
a. Production of sperm
b. Storage of sperm
c. Transport of sperm to the
urethra
d. Secretion of hormones
Answer: c. Transport of sperm to
the urethra
Explanation: The vas deferens
transports sperm from the testes to the urethra.
18. In which part of the female
reproductive system does fertilization typically occur?
a. Ovary
b. Uterus
c. Fallopian tube
d. Vagina
Answer: c. Fallopian tube
Explanation: Fertilization usually
occurs in the fallopian tube.
19. Which of the following is an
example of regeneration in animals?
a. Starfish regenerating a lost arm
b. Birds laying eggs
c. Fish producing offspring through
external fertilization
d. Frogs undergoing metamorphosis
Answer: a. Starfish regenerating a
lost arm
Explanation: Starfish have the
ability to regenerate lost body parts, including arms.
20. What is the purpose of the
amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
a. To provide nutrients to the
fetus
b. To protect the fetus from
infections
c. To maintain the temperature of
the fetus
d. To cushion and protect the
developing fetus
Answer: d. To cushion and protect
the developing fetus
Explanation: Amniotic fluid
provides a cushioning environment for the developing fetus.
21. Which of the following animals
is oviparous?
a. Human
b. Dog
c. Turtle
d. Kangaroo
Answer: c. Turtle
Explanation: Oviparous animals lay
eggs, and turtles are an example of oviparous organisms.
22. What is the purpose of the
seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
a. Production of sperm
b. Storage of sperm
c. Secretion of fluids to nourish
sperm
d. Transport of sperm to the
urethra
Answer: c. Secretion of fluids to
nourish sperm
Explanation: Seminal vesicles
produce fluids that nourish and support sperm.
23. Which of the following insects
undergoes complete metamorphosis?
a. Ant
b. Butterfly
c. Grasshopper
d. Dragonfly
Answer: b. Butterfly
Explanation: Butterflies undergo
complete metamorphosis with distinct larval (caterpillar) and pupal (chrysalis)
stages.
24. What is the role of the
fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
a. Production of eggs
b. Fertilization of eggs
c. Implantation of the embryo
d. Menstruation
Answer: b. Fertilization of eggs
Explanation: The fallopian tubes
are the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system.
25. Which of the following animals
does not reproduce by laying eggs?
a. Fish
b. Bird
c. Reptile
d. Mammal
Answer: d. Mammal
Explanation: Mammals, including
humans, do not lay eggs; they give birth to live young.
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Fill-in-the-blank Questions
Question: _______________ involves
the fusion of male and female gametes to form a new individual.
Answer: Sexual reproduction
involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a new individual. This
process ensures genetic diversity among offspring.
Question: Planaria reproduces
through _______________.
Answer: Planaria reproduces through
regeneration. When the organism is cut into fragments, each fragment can
regenerate into a new individual.
Question: Internal fertilization
occurs _______________ the female's body.
Answer: Internal fertilization
occurs inside the female's body. This process is common in mammals, including
humans.
Question: The male reproductive
organ responsible for producing sperm is called _______________.
Answer: The male reproductive organ
responsible for producing sperm is called the testis or testicle.
Question: The ovary produces
_______________ and releases hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
Answer: The ovary produces eggs
(ova) and releases hormones like estrogen and progesterone, essential for the
reproductive cycle in females.
Question: Asexual reproduction is
the process of producing offspring from a single parent without
_______________.
Answer: Asexual reproduction is the
process of producing offspring from a single parent without the involvement of
gametes or fertilization.
Question: Fertilization is the
fusion of a _______________ with an egg cell.
Answer: Fertilization is the fusion
of a sperm cell with an egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
Question: In humans, the fallopian
tube is where _______________ occurs.
Answer: In humans, the fallopian
tube is where fertilization occurs. It's the site where the egg meets the
sperm.
Question: Hermaphroditism is the
condition where an organism has both _______________.
Answer: Hermaphroditism is the
condition where an organism has both male and female reproductive organs.
Question: The placenta facilitates
the exchange of _______________ between the mother and fetus.
Answer: The placenta facilitates
the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus during
pregnancy.
Question: _______________ is the
duration from fertilization to birth in animals.
Answer: Gestation period is the
duration from fertilization to birth in animals. It varies among different
species.
Question: Sexual characteristics
that develop during puberty are called _______________ characteristics.
Answer: Sexual characteristics that
develop during puberty are called secondary characteristics. These include
features like facial hair in males and breast development in females.
Question: Hydra reproduces through
a method called _______________.
Answer: Hydra reproduces through a
method called budding. This process involves the outgrowth of a new individual
from a parent organism.
Question: The release of hormones
from the pituitary gland regulates _______________.
Answer: The release of hormones
from the pituitary gland regulates reproductive functions including gamete
production and the menstrual cycle in females.
Question: Oviparous animals lay
_______________.
Answer: Oviparous animals lay eggs.
The young ones develop and hatch from these eggs.
Question: The scrotum holds the
testes outside the body to regulate their _______________.
Answer: The scrotum holds the
testes outside the body to regulate their temperature. Sperm production
requires a slightly lower temperature than the body's internal temperature.
Question: _______________ is the
process of shedding the uterine lining in females.
Answer: Menstruation is the process
of shedding the uterine lining in females. It occurs monthly as part of the
menstrual cycle.
Question: Animals in extreme
environments often have adaptations for _______________.
Answer: Animals in extreme
environments often have adaptations for reproduction and survival. These
adaptations help them cope with harsh conditions.
Question: Spores are reproductive
cells capable of developing into a new _______________.
Answer: Spores are reproductive
cells capable of developing into a new organism. They aid in asexual
reproduction in some organisms like fungi.
Question: Puberty is the stage when
a person attains _______________.
Answer: Puberty is the stage when a
person attains sexual maturity. It involves physical and hormonal changes
leading to reproductive capability.
Question: Testosterone is the
hormone responsible for the development of _______________ in males.
Answer: Testosterone is the hormone
responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such
as deepening of voice and facial hair.
Question: _______________ is a form
of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into an offspring.
Answer: Parthenogenesis is a form
of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into an offspring.
This process is observed in some insects and reptiles.
Question: Animals that give birth
to live young are called _______________.
Answer: Animals that give birth to
live young are called viviparous animals. They do not lay eggs; instead, the
young ones develop inside the mother's body.
Question: Fragmentation is the
process where an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment
_______________.
Answer: Fragmentation is the
process where an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment develops
into a new individual. This is a method of asexual reproduction.
Question: Genetic variation in
offspring ensures adaptability to changing _______________.
Answer: Genetic variation in
offspring ensures adaptability to changing environments. It enhances the
survival chances of a species by increasing its genetic diversity.
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True/false Question and Answers
1. True/False: Asexual reproduction
involves the fusion of gametes from two parents.
Answer: False
Explanation: Asexual reproduction
does not involve the fusion of gametes; it produces offspring from a single
parent.
2. True/False: Budding is a form of
asexual reproduction in which a small part of the parent organism develops into
a new individual.
Answer: True
Explanation: Budding is a type of
asexual reproduction where a new organism develops as an outgrowth or bud on
the parent organism.
3. True/False: The testes in the
male reproductive system produce eggs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The testes in the male
reproductive system produce sperm, not eggs.
4. True/False: Fertilization is the
process by which a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fertilization is the
union of a sperm cell with an egg cell, leading to the formation of a zygote.
5. True/False: External
fertilization occurs inside the body of the organism.
Answer: False
Explanation: External fertilization
takes place outside the organism's body, typically in aquatic environments.
6. True/False: Gestation is the
period during which an embryo develops outside the mother's body.
Answer: False
Explanation: Gestation is the
period during which an embryo develops inside the mother's body.
7. True/False: Oviparous animals
give birth to live young.
Answer: False
Explanation: Oviparous animals lay
eggs instead of giving birth to live young.
8. True/False: Complete
metamorphosis involves distinct larval and pupal stages in an organism's life
cycle.
Answer: True
Explanation: Complete metamorphosis
includes distinct larval and pupal stages, as seen in insects like butterflies.
9. True/False: Regeneration is the
ability of certain animals to replace lost or damaged body parts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Regeneration is the
ability of some animals to replace lost or damaged body parts.
10. True/False: The menstrual cycle
is exclusive to females, and it prepares the body for fertilization.
Answer: True
Explanation: The menstrual cycle is
a female reproductive process that prepares the body for potential
fertilization and pregnancy.
11. True/False: The fallopian tube
is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fertilization
typically occurs in the fallopian tube of the female reproductive system.
12. True/False: The placenta
provides a connection between the mother and the developing fetus, facilitating
nutrient exchange.
Answer: True
Explanation: The placenta serves as
a connection between the mother and the developing fetus, providing nutrients
and oxygen.
13. True/False: Animals that
undergo complete metamorphosis typically have only three stages in their life
cycle.
Answer: False
Explanation: Animals undergoing
complete metamorphosis typically have four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
14. True/False: The amniotic fluid
during pregnancy helps maintain the temperature of the developing fetus.
Answer: True
Explanation: Amniotic fluid
provides a cushioning environment and helps maintain a stable temperature for
the developing fetus.
15. True/False: Internal
fertilization occurs outside the body of the organism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Internal fertilization
takes place inside the organism's body.
16. True/False: The vas deferens
transports eggs from the ovaries to the uterus in the female reproductive
system.
Answer: False
Explanation: The vas deferens is
part of the male reproductive system and transports sperm.
17. True/False: The uterus is the
site of fertilization in the female reproductive system.
Answer: False
Explanation: The fallopian tube,
not the uterus, is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system.
18. True/False: Seminal vesicles
produce fluids that nourish and support sperm in the male reproductive system.
Answer: True
Explanation: Seminal vesicles
produce fluids that nourish and support sperm in the male reproductive system.
19. True/False: Oviparous animals
give birth to live young.
Answer: False
Explanation: Oviparous animals lay
eggs, not give birth to live young.
20. True/False: Starfish have the
ability to regenerate lost body parts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Starfish are capable
of regenerating lost body parts.
21. True/False: The menstrual cycle
involves the release of eggs from the testes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The menstrual cycle is
a female reproductive process and does not involve the testes.
22. True/False: The fallopian tubes
connect the ovaries to the uterus in the female reproductive system.
Answer: True
Explanation: The fallopian tubes
connect the ovaries to the uterus in the female reproductive system.
23. True/False: Butterflies undergo
incomplete metamorphosis.
Answer: False
Explanation: Butterflies undergo
complete metamorphosis, which includes distinct larval and pupal stages.
24. True/False: Menstruation is the
shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur.
Answer: True
Explanation: Menstruation is the
shedding of the uterine lining in the absence of fertilization.
25. True/False: The primary
function of the fallopian tubes is to produce eggs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary function
of the fallopian tubes is to transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus for
potential fertilization.
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Short Question and Answer
Question: What is sexual
reproduction?
Answer: Sexual reproduction
involves the union of male and female gametes to create offspring with genetic
variation.
Question: Define asexual
reproduction.
Answer: Asexual reproduction is the
process of creating offspring without the involvement of gametes, resulting in
genetically identical individuals.
Question: Name one example of
internal fertilization.
Answer: Human reproduction involves
internal fertilization where the sperm fertilizes the egg inside the female's
body.
Question: How do animals adapt for
reproduction in extreme environments?
Answer: Animals adapt through
various reproductive strategies like delayed fertilization or migrating to
favorable environments.
Question: What is the function of
the placenta during pregnancy?
Answer: The placenta facilitates
nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus while also removing
waste products.
Question: Differentiate between
oviparous and viviparous animals.
Answer: Oviparous animals lay eggs,
while viviparous animals give birth to live young.
Question: What role do hormones
play in reproduction?
Answer: Hormones regulate
reproductive processes by controlling the development of sexual characteristics
and the menstrual cycle.
Question: Explain fragmentation in
asexual reproduction.
Answer: Fragmentation involves
breaking an organism into pieces, each capable of developing into a new
individual.
Question: Name the male and female
reproductive organs in humans.
Answer: In males, the testes
produce sperm, while in females, the ovaries produce eggs.
Question: Define puberty.
Answer: Puberty is the stage of
physical and hormonal changes when an individual becomes sexually mature.
Question: What is the significance
of genetic variation in offspring?
Answer: Genetic variation enhances
a species' adaptability to changing environments, reducing susceptibility to
diseases and environmental changes.
Question: How do hermaphroditic
organisms reproduce?
Answer: Hermaphroditic organisms
have both male and female reproductive organs, allowing them to self-fertilize
or mate with another individual of the same species.
Question: Name an example of
asexual reproduction in animals.
Answer: Hydra reproduces asexually
through budding, where new individuals grow as outgrowths from the parent
organism.
Question: Explain the function of
the fallopian tubes in females.
Answer: Fallopian tubes transport
eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and are the site of fertilization.
Question: What is the gestation
period?
Answer: The gestation period is the
duration from fertilization to birth in animals, varying among species.
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Long Question and Answer
1. Question: Explain the process of
fertilization in animals.
- Answer: Fertilization is the union of a sperm
cell with an egg cell to form a zygote. During sexual reproduction, sperm
is produced in the male reproductive organs, travels through the female
reproductive system to reach the egg in the fallopian tube. The fusion of
the sperm and egg results in the formation of a zygote, marking the
beginning of the development of a new individual.
2. Question: Differentiate between
asexual and sexual reproduction.
- Answer: Asexual reproduction involves the
production of offspring from a single parent, without the fusion of
gametes. It leads to genetically identical offspring. In contrast, sexual
reproduction involves the fusion of specialized cells called gametes from
two parents, resulting in genetic variation among the offspring.
3. Question: Describe the stages of
complete metamorphosis in insects.
- Answer: Complete metamorphosis in insects
comprises four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The process begins
with the laying of eggs, which hatch into larvae. The larvae undergo
various molting stages and then enter the pupal stage, where they undergo significant
changes. Finally, the adult insect emerges from the pupa.
4. Question: How does external
fertilization differ from internal fertilization?
- Answer: External fertilization occurs outside the
organism's body, often in aquatic environments, where sperm and eggs are
released into the environment. In contrast, internal fertilization takes
place inside the organism's body, providing a more protected environment
for the developing zygote.
5. Question: Explain the importance
of gestation in viviparous animals.
- Answer: Gestation is the period during which the
embryo develops inside the mother's body. In viviparous animals, gestation
is crucial for the nourishment and protection of the developing fetus. The
mother provides nutrients, oxygen, and a stable environment for the
growing offspring, ensuring their survival and development before birth.
6. Question: Discuss the advantages
of asexual reproduction in certain organisms.
- Answer: Asexual reproduction offers advantages
such as rapid population growth, efficient use of resources, and the
ability to colonize new environments quickly. Organisms employing asexual
reproduction can reproduce without the need for a mate, which is
advantageous in stable and favorable conditions.
7. Question: Elaborate on the role of
the placenta during pregnancy.
- Answer: The placenta serves as a vital connection
between the mother and the developing fetus. It facilitates the exchange
of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the maternal and fetal
bloodstreams. The placenta also produces hormones essential for
maintaining the pregnancy and supporting the growth of the developing
embryo.
8. Question: How do organisms
exhibiting regeneration utilize this ability for survival?
- Answer: Regeneration allows organisms to replace
lost or damaged body parts, enhancing their chances of survival. For
example, starfish can regenerate lost arms, and certain worms can
regenerate into complete organisms from fragments. This ability helps them
recover from injuries and adapt to changing environments.
9. Question: Describe the
differences between oviparous and viviparous animals.
- Answer: Oviparous animals lay eggs, and the
embryos develop outside the mother's body. In viviparous animals, the
embryo develops inside the mother's body, and they give birth to live
young. Oviparous animals provide fewer resources to the eggs, as external
environments typically support embryonic development, while viviparous
animals invest more in each offspring's development.
10. Question: How does the
menstrual cycle prepare the female body for potential pregnancy? - Answer:
The menstrual cycle involves a series of hormonal changes and physiological
events. It prepares the female body for potential pregnancy by regulating the
release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and thickening the uterine lining.
If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining is shed during
menstruation. This cyclical process ensures the readiness of the reproductive
system for fertilization and pregnancy.
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